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NASA — Like Taylor Swift, Our Universe Has Gone Via…

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NASA — Like Taylor Swift, Our Universe Has Gone Via…


NASA — Like Taylor Swift, Our Universe Has Gone Via…ALT

Observations from each NASA’s James Webb and Hubble area telescopes created this colourful picture of galaxy cluster MACS0416. The colours of various galaxies point out distances, with bluer galaxies being nearer and redder galaxies being extra distant or dusty. Some galaxies seem as streaks on account of gravitational lensing — a warping impact brought on by giant lots gravitationally bending the area that mild travels by way of.

Whereas Taylor’s Eras Tour explores many years of music, our universe’s eras set the stage for all times to exist at this time. By unraveling cosmic historical past, scientists can examine the way it occurred, from the universe’s origin and evolution to its attainable destiny.

A navy blue rectangle forms the background of an infographic. In the top left corner, it says, “History of the Universe.”  An elongated conical shape spans the width of the image. The smaller end of the horn, beginning at a miniscule point, is on the left side of the image and the wider end is on the right. The outline of the horn quickly expands, tracing out the left end of the horn to be about a quarter of the height of the image. The bell shape gradually grows wider as it approaches the right side of the image. The rightmost side of the horn flares outward like a bell. From the left to the right of the horn are 8 ovals that appear to subdivide it. The first oval contains light blue blobs on a dark blue background. Beneath it, it says, “10^-32 seconds, Inflation, initial expansion.” The second oval contains a light blue fog, blue and white orbs, and short, tightly zig-zagged blue lines. Half the white orbs have plus signs, and half have minus signs on them. Beneath the second oval, it says, “1 microsecond, First Particles, neutrons, protons, and electrons form.” The third oval contains a similar blue fog, but the white and blue orbs are stuck to one another in small clusters with no positive or negative signs. The zig-zagged lines remain. Beneath the third oval, it says, “3 minutes, First Nuclei, helium and hydrogen form.” The fourth oval contains a light blue background with some darker blue speckling on it, like on a fresh brown egg. In front of the background are several small spheres. Each sphere is either surrounded by one or two oval outlines. For the spheres with two ovals, the ovals are the same size but are perpendicular to one another. On each oval, in both cases, is a single dot which intersects with the line of the oval as if it traces an orbital. There are still a couple of zig-zagged lines, though much less than in the previous two ovals. Beneath the fourth oval, it says, “380,000 years, First Light, the first atoms form.” The fifth oval contains a blue camouflage-like pattern with a few white dots. Beneath it, it says, “200 million years, First Stars, gas and dust condense into stars.” The sixth oval contains a similar blue camouflage pattern, though it appears to be more transparent. There are several white dots, more than in the fifth oval, and a few white spiral shapes dispersed throughout. Underneath, it says, “400 million years, Galaxies & Dark Matter, galaxies form in dark matter cradles.” In the seventh oval, the blue camouflage pattern has faded, leaving behind a dark blue background with some very thin fog. There are several white dots and white spirals. Beneath the seventh oval, it says, “10 billion years, Dark Energy, expansion accelerates.” The eighth oval is similar to the seventh oval — it features a dark blue background with some thin haze, tens of white dots of varying size, and several spiral shapes of varying size. However, the eighth oval is considerably larger than the rest of the ovals, as it rests at the very end of the flare of the bell shape. Beneath the eighth oval, it says, “13.8 billion years, Today, humans observe the universe.” Credit: NASAALT

This infographic outlines the historical past of the universe.

0 SECONDS | To start with, the universe debuted extraordinarily small, scorching, and dense

Scientists aren’t certain what precisely existed on the very starting of the universe, however they assume there wasn’t any regular matter or physics. Issues most likely didn’t behave like we anticipate them to at this time.

A small flash of white light appears in the middle of a completely black image. The flash expands rapidly, glowing purple and consuming the entire image. The white light shrinks, returning to a pinprick at the center of the image. As it collapses, purple streams and waves pulse outward from the white light’s center. Alongside the waves flow hundreds of small galaxies — spiral and spherical collections of dots of light. The galaxies race out from the center, starting as miniscule specks and becoming larger blobs and smudges as they draw closer, speckling the screen. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/CI LabALT

Artist’s interpretation of the start of the universe, with representations of the early cosmos and its growth.

10^-32 SECONDS | The universe quickly, fearless-ly inflated

When the universe debuted, it nearly instantly grew to become unstable. Area expanded sooner than the pace of sunshine throughout a really transient interval often called inflation. Scientists are nonetheless exploring what drove this exponential growth.

1 MICROSECOND | Inflation’s finish began the story of us: we wouldn’t be right here if inflation continued

When inflation ended, the universe continued to broaden, however a lot slower. All of the vitality that beforehand drove the speedy growth went into mild and matter — regular stuff! Small subatomic particles — protons, neutrons, and electrons — now floated round, although the universe was too scorching for them to mix and kind atoms.

The particles gravitated collectively, particularly in clumpy spots. The push and pull between gravity and the particles’ lack of ability to stay collectively created oscillations, or sound waves.

In front of a dark blue background, hundreds of small red and blue spheres float around, at varying distances from the viewer. In the middle of the screen, two large red and blue spheres collide in the foreground. As they collide, a white flash of light radiates outward. As it fades, the two spheres become visible again, now stuck together. After the first collision, several similar collisions and white flashes are visible in the background. In the top left corner, a clump with one blue sphere and one red sphere races towards another clump with two red spheres and one blue sphere. They collide and there is a flash of white light. As the light clears, a clump with two red spheres and two blue spheres is visible in its place, and a single red sphere floats away toward the center of the screen. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterALT

Artist’s interpretation of protons and neutrons colliding to kind ionized deuterium — a hydrogen isotope with one proton and one neutron — and ionized helium — two protons and two neutrons.

THREE MINUTES | Protons and neutrons mixed all too nicely

After about three minutes, the universe had expanded and cooled sufficient for protons and neutrons to stick collectively. This created the very first parts: hydrogen, helium, and really small quantities of lithium and beryllium.

But it surely was nonetheless too scorching for electrons to mix with the protons and neutrons. These free electrons floated round in a scorching foggy soup that scattered mild and made the universe seem darkish.

In a fuzzy gray fog, hundreds of medium-sized red spheres and small green spheres wiggle around, never moving farther than one diameter from their original position. Hundreds of glowing blue daggers of light bounce between the different spheres, changing direction when they collide with them. Suddenly, the red and green spheres combine, turning brown. The daggers no longer collide with the spheres and instead race away in every direction into open space. A single glowing blue dagger of light zooms away from the spheres and fog into an open blackness speckled with thousands of tiny stars. Credit: NASA/JPL-CaltechALT

This animated artist’s idea begins by displaying ionized atoms (purple blobs), free electrons (inexperienced blobs), and photons of sunshine (blue flashes). The ionized atoms scattered mild till impartial atoms (proven as brown blobs) fashioned, clearing the best way for mild to journey farther by way of area.

380 THOUSAND YEARS | Impartial atoms fashioned and left a clean area for mild

Because the universe expanded and cooled additional, electrons joined atoms and made them impartial. With the electron plasma out of the best way, some mild might journey a lot farther.

A wide oval stretches across a rectangular black background. The oval is about twice as wide as it is tall. It is covered in speckles of varying colors from blue to yellow and red. The colors group together to form large splotches of reds, oranges, and yellows, as well as other splotches of blues and greens. In the bottom left corner, there is a horizontal rectangle with a spectrum of colors, with blue on the left, yellow in the center, and red on the right. Above the rectangle is a label reading “temperature.” Below the rectangle, on the left side under the blue is a label reading, “cooler.” On the right side, under the red, is a label reading “warmer.” Credit: ESA and the Planck CollaborationALT

A picture of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) throughout the complete sky, taken by ESA’s (European Area Company) Planck area telescope. The CMB is the oldest mild we will observe within the universe. Frozen sound waves are seen as miniscule fluctuations in temperature, proven by way of blue (colder) and purple (hotter) coloring.

As impartial atoms fashioned, the sound waves created by the push and pull between subatomic particles stopped. The waves froze, leaving ripples that have been barely denser than their environment. The surplus matter attracted much more matter, each regular and “darkish.” Darkish matter has gravitational affect on its environment however is invisible and doesn’t work together with mild.

In front of a navy-blue background, tens of light blue orbs float at varying sizes, representing varying distances from the viewer. There are three large blue orbs in the foreground, with small plus signs at their centers. Several yellow streaks of light race across the screen. As the streaks collide with blue orbs, the orbs flash and grow slightly larger, absorbing the yellow streaks, before returning to their original state. The yellow streaks of light do not re-emerge from the orbs. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterALT

This animation illustrates the absorption of photons — mild particles — by impartial hydrogen atoms.

ALSO 380 THOUSAND YEARS | The universe grew to become darkish — name it what you need, however scientists name this time interval the Darkish Ages 

Apart from the cosmic microwave background, there wasn’t a lot mild throughout this period since stars hadn’t fashioned but. And what mild there was normally didn’t make it very far since impartial hydrogen atoms are actually good at absorbing mild. This kicked off an period often called the cosmic darkish ages.

A dense orange fog floats in front of a black background that is just barely visible through the thick fog. There are dozens of glowing purple orbs within the fog, clustered in a circle in the center of the visual. One by one, the purple orbs send out bright white circular flashes of light. Following each flash of light, a white ring expands outward from the center of the orb, before fading away once its diameter reaches about one sixth of the image size. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center ALT

This animation illustrates the start of star formation as gasoline begins to clump on account of gravity. These protostars warmth up as materials compresses inside them and throw off materials at excessive speeds, creating shockwaves proven right here as increasing rings of sunshine.

200 MILLION YEARS | Stars created daylight (that was nonetheless blocked by hydrogen atoms)

Over time, denser areas pulled in increasingly more matter, in some locations turning into so heavy it triggered a collapse. When the matter fell inward, it grew to become scorching sufficient for nuclear fusion to start out, marking the beginning of the primary stars!

In front of a black background, there are millions of glowing green dots. They form a fine, wispy web stretching across the image, like old cobwebs that have collected dust. Over time, more dots collect at the vertices of the web. As the web gets thicker and thicker, the vertices grow and start moving towards each other and towards the center. The smaller dots circle the clumps, like bees buzzing around a hive, until they are pulled inward to join them. Eventually, the clumps merge to create a glowing green mass. The central mass ensnares more dots, coercing even those from the farthest reaches of the screen to circle it. Credit: Simulation: Wu, Hahn, Wechsler, Abel (KIPAC), Visualization: Kaehler (KIPAC)ALT

A simulation of darkish matter forming construction on account of gravity.

400 MILLION YEARS | Darkish matter acted like an invisible string tying galaxies collectively

Because the universe expanded, the frozen sound waves created earlier — which now included stars, gasoline, mud, and extra parts produced by stars — stretched and continued attracting extra mass. Pulling materials collectively ultimately fashioned the primary galaxies, galaxy clusters, and wide-scale, web-like construction. 

A borderless three-dimensional cube rotates from left to right in front of a black background. In the cube are many organic cloud-like blobs. They are primarily purplish blue and black, with the centers being darker than the outsides. In the space between the clouds is a light blue translucent material through which more blobs can be seen further back in the cube. As the cube rotates, the blobs become increasingly red and the blue translucent material becomes increasingly see through. After becoming bright red, the blobs start to fade and become a translucent yellow fog before disappearing completely. As they fade, millions of small yellow-ish stars become visible. The stars dot the cube in every dimension. Credit: M. Alvarez, R. Kaehler and T. Abel ALT

On this animation, ultraviolet mild from stars ionizes hydrogen atoms by breaking off their electrons. Areas already ionized are blue and translucent, areas present process ionization are purple and white, and areas of impartial gasoline are darkish and opaque.

1 BILLION YEARS | Ultraviolet mild from stars made the universe clear for evermore

The primary stars have been huge and scorching, which means they burned their gasoline provides rapidly and lived quick lives. Nonetheless, they gave off energetic ultraviolet mild that helped break aside the impartial hydrogen across the stars and allowed mild to journey farther.

An animation on a black rectangular background. On the left of the visual is a graph constructed with blue text and the line on the graph. The y-axis of the graph reads “Expansion Speed.” The x-axis is labeled “Time.” At the origin, the x-axis reads, “10 billion years ago.” Halfway across the x-axis is labeled “7 Billion years ago.” At the end of the x-axis is labeled “now.” On the graph is a line which draws itself out. It starts at the top of the y-axis. It slopes down to the right, linearly, as if it were going to draw a straight line from the top left corner of the graph to the bottom right corner of the graph. Around the 7-billion mark, the line begins to decrease in slope very gradually. Three quarters of the way across the x-axis and three quarters of the way down the y-axis, the line reaches a minimum, before quickly curving upwards. It rapidly slopes upward, reaching one quarter from the top of the y-axis as it reaches the end of the x-axis labeled “now.” At the same time, on the right hand of the visual is a tiny dark blue sphere which holds within it glowing lighter blue spheres — galaxies and stars — and a lighter blue webbing. As the line crawls across the graph, the sphere expands. At first, its swelling gently slows, corresponding to the decreasing line on the graph. As the line reaches its minimum and the slope decreases, the sphere slows down its expansion further. Then, as the line arcs back upward, the sphere expands rapidly until it grows larger than the right half of the image and encroaches on the graph. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight CenterALT

Animation displaying a graph of the universe’s growth over time. Whereas cosmic growth slowed following the top of inflation, it started selecting up the tempo round 5 billion years in the past. Scientists nonetheless aren’t certain why.

SOMETIME AFTER 10 BILLION YEARS | Darkish vitality grew to become dominant, accelerating cosmic growth and creating an enormous query…?

By finding out the universe’s growth fee over time, scientists made the surprising discovery that it’s dashing up. They’d thought ultimately gravity ought to trigger the matter to draw itself and decelerate growth. Some mysterious stress, dubbed darkish vitality, appears to be accelerating cosmic growth. About 10 billion years into the universe’s story, darkish vitality – no matter it could be – grew to become dominant over matter.

A small blue sphere hangs in front of inky blackness. The lower half of the sphere is shrouded in shadow, making it appear hemispherical. The sphere is a rich blue, with swirling white patterns across it — Earth. In the foreground of the image is a gray horizon, covered in small craters and divots — the Moon. Credit: NASAALT

A picture of Earth rising within the Moon’s sky. Nicknamed “Earthrise,” Apollo 8 astronauts noticed this sight throughout the first crewed mission to the Moon.

13.8 BILLION YEARS | The universe as we all know it at this time: 359,785,714,285.7 fortnights from the start

We owe our universe at this time to every of its distinctive phases. Nonetheless, scientists nonetheless have many questions on these eras.

Our upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Area Telescope will look again in time to discover cosmic mysteries like darkish vitality and darkish matter – two poorly understood facets of the universe that govern its evolution and supreme destiny.

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